Sempra Energy (SRE) · Insider trading
What Sempra Energy's directors, officers and largest holders bought and sold themselves, from the Form 4 each of them files with the SEC within two business days of a trade. Open-market purchases and sales first: those are the trades somebody chose to make at the market price.
Bought, 12 months
$576,979
3 insiders, 3 trades
Sold, 12 months
$8.45M
8 insiders, 82% under a plan
Net, 12 months
−$7.87M
bought less sold
Latest filing
2026-06-17
filings read to 2026-10-19
Who traded, two years
| Insider | Bought | Sold | Trades | Last trade | Holds after |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | – | $8.82M | 6 | 2026-01-05 | 2,580 |
| Sagara Kevin C.Director | – | $3.72M | 3 | 2025-09-29 | 1,042 |
| Mihalik Trevor IExecutive VP and Group Pres | – | $2.21M | 1 | 2024-11-20 | 11,190 |
| Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | – | $1.69M | 5 | 2026-06-17 | 33,064 |
| Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | – | $1.15M | 4 | 2026-03-09 | 42,914 |
| Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | – | $905,724 | 2 | 2025-03-18 | 11,867 |
| Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | – | $899,241 | 3 | 2026-05-14 | 22,870 |
| Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | – | $751,798 | 3 | 2025-11-07 | 11,325 |
| Mark Richard JDirector | $751,003 | – | 2 | 2026-03-11 | 17,376 |
| Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | – | $452,162 | 3 | 2026-04-01 | 21,632 |
| Ferrero PabloDirector | $184,496 | $232,778 | 2 | 2026-05-18 | 15,423 |
| Yardley James CDirector | $350,024 | – | 1 | 2025-03-12 | 5,019 |
| Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | – | $284,774 | 2 | 2026-03-16 | 4,633 |
| Warner Cynthia JDirector | $281,830 | – | 2 | 2026-03-11 | 11,275 |
| Conesa AndresDirector | $100,156 | – | 1 | 2025-03-17 | 21,668 |
| Kirk Jennifer MDirector | $93,440 | – | 1 | 2026-03-12 | 1,000 |
| Mears Michael NDirector | $67,700 | – | 1 | 2025-03-10 | 5,000 |
Open-market purchases and sales
Newest first. “Plan” marks a trade made under a 10b5-1 plan set up in advance.
| Date | Insider | Trade | Shares | Price | Value | Holds after | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-17 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Sale | 100 | 89.85 | $8,985 | 33,064 | Form 4 |
| 2026-06-17 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Sale | 7,900 | 90.56 | $715,424 | 25,164 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-18 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Sale | 2,600 | 89.53 | $232,778 | 15,423 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-14 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Saleplan | 3,300 | 92.13 | $304,029 | 22,870 | Form 4 |
| 2026-04-01 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Saleplan | 1,128 | 96.69 | $109,066 | 21,632 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-16 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Saleplan | 1,539 | 95.38 | $146,790 | 4,633 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-12 | Kirk Jennifer MDirector | Buy | 1,000 | 93.44 | $93,440 | 1,000 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-11 | Mark Richard JDirector | Buy | 2,692 | 93.30 | $251,164 | 17,376 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-11 | Warner Cynthia JDirector | Buy | 2,500 | 92.95 | $232,375 | 11,275 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-09 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Saleplan | 987 | 91.36 | $90,172 | 42,914 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-09 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Saleplan | 2,699 | 92.61 | $249,954 | 40,215 | Form 4 |
| 2026-03-09 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Saleplan | 1,186 | 93.52 | $110,915 | 39,029 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-05 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 20,533 | 87.13 | $1.79M | 2,580 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-05 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 2,278 | 87.74 | $199,872 | 302 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-05 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 300 | 88.93 | $26,679 | 2 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 2,394 | 88.31 | $211,414 | 50,719 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 27,606 | 89.38 | $2.47M | 23,113 | Form 4 |
| 2025-11-24 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Saleplan | 7,564 | 92.29 | $698,082 | 41,280 | Form 4 |
| 2025-11-19 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Saleplan | 500 | 91.70 | $45,850 | 33,664 | Form 4 |
| 2025-11-19 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Sale | 1,510 | 91.38 | $137,984 | 3,481 | Form 4 |
| 2025-11-18 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Saleplan | 5,500 | 91.58 | $503,690 | 34,164 | Form 4 |
| 2025-11-07 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Sale | 4,322 | 92.55 | $400,001 | 11,325 | Form 4 |
| 2025-09-29 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Saleplan | 14,433 | 89.50 | $1.29M | 1,042 | Form 4 |
| 2025-09-15 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Saleplan | 11,640 | 83.76 | $974,966 | 32,699 | Form 4 |
| 2025-09-15 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Saleplan | 17,224 | 84.51 | $1.46M | 15,475 | Form 4 |
| 2025-08-14 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Sale | 5,114 | 82.01 | $419,399 | 39,380 | Form 4 |
| 2025-07-23 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Saleplan | 1,576 | 80.00 | $126,080 | 15,600 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-14 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Saleplan | 5,217 | 73.99 | $386,006 | 19,767 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-14 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Saleplan | 2,798 | 74.77 | $209,206 | 16,969 | Form 4 |
| 2025-04-01 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Saleplan | 3,108 | 71.07 | $220,886 | 21,487 | Form 4 |
| 2025-04-01 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Saleplan | 1,709 | 71.51 | $122,211 | 19,778 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-18 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Saleplan | 8,192 | 70.81 | $580,076 | 11,867 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-17 | Conesa AndresDirector | Buy | 1,400 | 71.54 | $100,156 | 21,668 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-17 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Buy | 2,600 | 70.96 | $184,496 | 15,649 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-12 | Yardley James CDirector | Buy | 5,019 | 69.74 | $350,024 | 5,019 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-10 | Mears Michael NDirector | Buy | 1,000 | 67.70 | $67,700 | 5,000 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-06 | Mark Richard JDirector | Buy | 7,160 | 69.81 | $499,840 | 12,662 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-06 | Warner Cynthia JDirector | Buy | 700 | 70.65 | $49,455 | 8,759 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-11 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Saleplan | 2,755 | 81.93 | $225,717 | 13,905 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-30 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Saleplan | 49,737 | 82.94 | $4.13M | 2 | Form 4 |
Grants, exercises and other transactions
Pay, tax and paperwork rather than a choice to trade at the market price. Two years.
49 × grant or award47 × shares withheld for tax3 × option exercise1 × discretionary trade
Show them
| Date | Insider | What | Shares | Price | Holds after | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-05-12 | Mark Richard JDirector | Grant or award A | +1,499 | – | 18,913 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-12 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Grant or award A | +1,499 | – | 18,599 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-12 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Shares withheld for tax F | −576 | 93.41 | 18,023 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-12 | Conesa AndresDirector | Grant or award A | +1,499 | – | 24,593 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-12 | Conesa AndresDirector | Shares withheld for tax F | −576 | 93.41 | 24,018 | Form 4 |
| 2026-05-12 | Weaving AnyaDirector | Grant or award A | +1,499 | – | 3,558 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Grant or award A | +16,085 | – | 16,088 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Grant or award A | +22,179 | – | 38,267 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Shares withheld for tax F | −17,281 | 87.11 | 20,985 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Grant or award A | +700 | – | 16,397 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Grant or award A | +966 | – | 17,363 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −577 | 87.11 | 16,785 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Grant or award A | +3,133 | – | 4,175 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Grant or award A | +4,320 | – | 8,495 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sagara Kevin C.Director | Shares withheld for tax F | −3,605 | 87.11 | 4,890 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Grant or award A | +2,166 | – | 42,697 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Grant or award A | +2,986 | – | 45,684 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,783 | 87.11 | 43,901 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +1,903 | – | 33,255 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +2,623 | – | 35,878 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,575 | 87.11 | 34,303 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +758 | – | 25,873 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +1,046 | – | 26,918 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −508 | 87.11 | 26,410 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +2,070 | – | 21,609 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +2,855 | – | 24,463 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,704 | 87.11 | 22,760 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +310 | – | 5,999 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +427 | – | 6,426 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-27 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −254 | 87.11 | 6,172 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −10 | 91.77 | 15,677 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −6 | 91.77 | 40,337 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −16 | 91.77 | 31,252 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −9 | 91.77 | 25,082 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −6 | 91.77 | 19,412 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-15 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −5 | 91.77 | 5,677 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,490 | 89.71 | 9,835 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs and HR | Grant or award A | +5,824 | – | 15,659 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −954 | 89.71 | 40,326 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Winn Caroline AnnExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −2,443 | 89.71 | 31,221 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,408 | 89.71 | 15,698 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +9,364 | – | 25,062 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −917 | 89.71 | 19,402 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −701 | 89.71 | 2,780 | Form 4 |
| 2026-01-02 | Wold Dyan Z.VP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +2,890 | – | 5,670 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Conesa AndresDirector | Grant or award A | +1,864 | – | 23,547 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Conesa AndresDirector | Shares withheld for tax F | −509 | 75.13 | 23,039 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Grant or award A | +1,864 | – | 17,528 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Ferrero PabloDirector | Shares withheld for tax F | −509 | 75.13 | 17,020 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Mark Richard JDirector | Grant or award A | +1,864 | – | 14,559 | Form 4 |
| 2025-05-13 | Mark Richard JDirector | Grant or award A | +1,864 | – | 14,559 | Form 4 |
| 2025-03-14 | Weaving AnyaDirector | Grant or award A | +1,995 | – | 1,995 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Grant or award A | +8,162 | – | 52,028 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −3,923 | 85.34 | 48,105 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +7,653 | – | 23,853 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −3,795 | 85.34 | 20,059 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Grant or award A | +5,286 | – | 19,191 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −2,134 | 85.34 | 17,057 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Grant or award A | +105,338 | – | 105,340 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Shares withheld for tax F | −52,227 | 85.34 | 53,113 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +5,084 | – | 26,704 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,872 | 85.34 | 24,831 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +13,180 | – | 31,130 | Form 4 |
| 2025-02-19 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −6,535 | 85.34 | 24,595 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +3,666 | – | 15,532 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +3,245 | – | 18,777 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −2,577 | 81.75 | 16,201 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Grant or award A | +3,870 | – | 42,915 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Grant or award A | +3,500 | – | 46,416 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −2,550 | 81.75 | 43,866 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Grant or award A | +50,430 | – | 50,433 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Grant or award A | +44,637 | – | 95,070 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Martin Jeffrey WDirector, Chairman, CEO and President | Shares withheld for tax F | −45,330 | 81.75 | 49,739 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +2,434 | – | 21,053 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +2,154 | – | 23,207 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,588 | 81.75 | 21,619 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +6,310 | – | 17,144 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Grant or award A | +5,585 | – | 22,729 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −4,779 | 81.75 | 17,950 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Grant or award A | +2,531 | – | 16,071 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Grant or award A | +2,240 | – | 18,311 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-28 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,651 | 81.75 | 16,660 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-15 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −8 | 81.26 | 18,618 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-15 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −12 | 81.26 | 10,834 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-15 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −11 | 81.26 | 13,540 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-15 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −10 | 81.26 | 39,046 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-15 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −17 | 81.26 | 15,790 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Bird Justin ChristopherExecutive Vice President | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,642 | 87.13 | 10,749 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Sedgwick Karen LExecutive VP and CFO | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,392 | 87.13 | 38,805 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Shares withheld for tax F | −2,221 | 87.13 | 12,674 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Wall Peter RSVP, Controller and CAO | Grant or award A | +3,061 | – | 15,735 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,108 | 87.13 | 13,793 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Day Diana LChief Legal Counsel | Grant or award A | +4,783 | – | 18,576 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Shares withheld for tax F | −1,417 | 87.13 | 10,624 | Form 4 |
| 2025-01-02 | Larroque Alexander LisaSVP, Corp Affairs & HR | Grant or award A | +2,870 | – | 13,494 | Form 4 |
| 2024-12-03 | Mihalik Trevor IEVP and Group Pres | Discretionary trade I | −8,794 | 93.20 | 0 | Form 4 |
| 2024-11-19 | Mihalik Trevor IExecutive VP and Group Pres | Option exercise M | +31,024 | 53.38 | 42,214 | Form 4 |
| 2024-11-19 | Mihalik Trevor IExecutive VP and Group Pres | Option exercise M | +31,884 | 74.56 | 74,098 | Form 4 |
| 2024-11-19 | Mihalik Trevor IExecutive VP and Group Pres | Option exercise M | +81,036 | 61.90 | 155,134 | Form 4 |
| 2024-11-19 | Mihalik Trevor IExecutive VP and Group Pres | Shares withheld for tax F | −120,231 | 93.38 | 34,903 | Form 4 |
How to read it
- Buy, sale
- Code P and S on the form: shares bought or sold in the market, at the market price. The other codes are mostly pay (a grant, an option exercised) or tax (shares the company withheld), and say little about what the insider thinks of the price.
- Plan
- A sale or purchase under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, set up in advance and running on its own schedule. Since April 2023 the form has a box for it. Much executive selling is planned and says more about diversifying than about the company.
- Holds after
- The shares the insider still held after the trade, in the form the trade was in (directly, or indirectly through a trust or a fund).
- Value
- Shares times the price the form reports, which is often an average over several fills on the day.
Read from the SEC's own quarterly data sets of Forms 3, 4 and 5, and from each day's filings since the last one. A correcting amendment replaces the lines it restates. Every row links to its filing. None of this is advice: insiders sell for many reasons, and buy for fewer.